As the war eventually subsided in Croatia, the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina started in early 1992. 163–191. Bulgaria, without being admitted to the Congress, lost more than 70% of its territory, and over 50% of its ethnic population remained outside its borders—which caused a number of uprisings and brought the country into subsequent Balkan wars. In other languages of the region, the region is known as: The Balkan Peninsula is bounded by the Adriatic Sea to the west, the Mediterranean Sea (including the Ionian and Aegean seas) and the Marmara Sea to the south and the Black Sea to the east. In 2004 Bulgaria, Romania and Slovenia became members of NATO. 55 million (32 million only the peninsula's part), 31% Serbian (official), 15% Croatian (official), 2% other, 8% Turkish, 4% Romani, 1% other, 1% unspecified, 2% Bosnian, 2% Serbian (official), 1% Turkish, 1% other, 25% Albanian (official), 4% Turkish, 2% Romani, 1% Serbian, 2% other, 3% Hungarian, 2% Bosnian, 1% Romani, 3% other, 2% unspecified. The Byzantine Empire was the Greek-speaking, Eastern Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. In pre-classical and classical antiquity, this region was home to Greeks, Illyrians, Paeonians, Thracians, Dacians, and other ancient groups. After repelling the attack, the Greeks counterattacked, invading Italy-held Albania and causing Nazi Germany's intervention in the Balkans to help its ally. In this ethnically diverse closing area of the Roman Empire, Vlachs were recognized as those who spoke Latin, the official language of the Byzantine Empire used only in official documents, until the 6th century when it was changed to the more popular Greek. [43] Italy, although having a small part of its territory in the Balkan Peninsula, is not included in the term "the Balkans". They were surrounded by the Franks (and later Venetians) and Avars (and later Magyars), while Byzantines tried to maintain control of the Dalmatian coast. Inland there are woods typical of Central Europe (oak and beech, and in the mountains, spruce, fir and pine). The Greeks were the first to establish a system of trade routes in the Balkans, and in order to facilitate trade with the natives, between 700 BC and 300 BC they founded a number of colonies on the Black Sea (Pontus Euxinus) coast, Asia Minor, Dalmatia, Southern Italy (Magna Graecia) etc. (See: Schlieffen Plan) Poor communication between the two governments led to this catastrophic oversight. Bulgaria, the most populous of the Balkan states with 7 million people sought to acquire Macedonia but when it tried it was defeated in 1913 in the Second Balkan War. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. The Balkans have been inhabited since the Paleolithic and are the route by which farming from the Middle East spread to Europe during the Neolithic (7th millennium BC). Turkey, often including its European territory, is also included in Western or Southwestern Asia. In harsh night-time fighting, the battle ebbed and flowed, until the Serbian line was rallied under the leadership of Stepa Stepanovic. The "Kurgan hypothesis" of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) origins assumes gradual expansion of the "Kurgan culture", around 5000 BC, until it encompassed the entire pontic steppe. Other prominent geographers who didn't agree with Zeune were Hermann Wagner, Theobald Fischer, Marion Newbigin, Albrecht Penck, while Austrian diplomat Johann Georg von Hahn in 1869 for the same territory used the term Südostereuropäische Halbinsel ("Southeasterneuropean peninsula"). [25], The term was not commonly used in geographical literature until the mid-19th century because already then scientists like Carl Ritter warned that only the part South of the Balkan Mountains can be considered as a peninsula and considered it to be renamed as "Greek peninsula". That caused a war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia, which—through the existing chains of alliances—led to the First World War. ", "History against Geography: Should We Always Think of the Balkans As Part of Europe? Greece has been a member of the European Union since 1981. Der Balkan im Zeitalter des Nationalismus BoD, Norderstedt 2004 ISBN 3-8334-0977-0; Kurt Scharr: Die Karpaten. The often relentless bora wind is also being harnessed for power generation. Bismarck became the target of hatred of Russian nationalists and Pan-Slavists, and found that he had tied Germany too closely to Austria in the Balkans.[35]. [45] In Croatia and Slovenia, multi-party elections produced nationally inclined leadership that followed in the footsteps of their previous Communist predecessors and oriented itself towards capitalism and secession. On January 7–9, 1945, Yugoslav authorities killed several hundred of declared Bulgarians in Macedonia as collaborators, in an event known as the "Bloody Christmas". Austria-Hungary, although not a combatant, was weakened as a much enlarged Serbia pushed for union of the South Slavic peoples. By the 7th and 8th centuries, the Roman Empire existed only south of the Danube River in the form of the Byzantine Empire, with its capital at Constantinople. Elle est bordée par des mers sur trois côtés : la mer Adriatique et la mer Ionienne à l'ouest, la mer Égée au sud et la mer de Marmara et la mer Noire à l'est. Der Balkan im Zeitalter des Nationalismus. The Balkans is a peninsula in Europe.The region has a combined area of 550,000 km² and an approximate population of 55 million people. The only non-communist countries were Greece and Turkey, which were (and still are) part of NATO. Another reason it was not commonly accepted as the definition of then European Turkey had a similar land extent. Around 513 BC, as part of the military incursions ordered by Darius I, a huge Achaemenid army invaded the Balkans and tried to defeat the Western Scythians roaming to the north of the Danube river. They left behind a region largely ruined as a result of wartime exploitation. Resources of energy are scarce, except in Kosovo, where considerable coal, lead, zinc, chromium and silver deposits are located. The states from the former Eastern Bloc that formerly had planned economy system and Turkey mark gradual economic growth each year, only the economy of Greece drops for 2012 and meanwhile, it was expected to grow in 2013. These original Vlachs probably consisted of a variety of ethnic groups (most notably Thracians, Dacians, Illyrians) who shared the commonality of having been assimilated in language and culture of the Roman Empire with the Roman colonists settled in their areas. Albania on the other hand gravitated toward Communist China, later adopting an isolationist position. Die Geschichte des Kosovo umfasst die Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der Republik Kosovo von der Urgeschichte bis zur Gegenwart. It effectively disavowed Russia's victory over the decaying Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish War. According to Halil İnalcık, "The population of the Balkans, according to one estimate, fell from a high of 8 million in the late 16th-century to only 3 million by the mid-eighteenth. Politik, Wirtschaft, Sport, Feuilleton und Finanzen im Überblick. [31], The social structure of the Balkans in the late 18th century was complex. In less-developed areas World War I was felt in different ways: requisitioning of draft animals, for example, caused severe problems in villages that were already suffering from the enlistment of young men, and many recently created trade connections were ruined. The term "Yugosphere" was coined by The Economist after a regional train service "Cargo 10" was created. Les Balkans sont eune chaîne dé montangnes tchi lus êtrueûlent avaû 560km dans l'su'êt' d'l'Ûrope, d'la Néthe Mé, par la Bulgarie et jusqu'en Sèrbie d'l'Êst.Nou peut dithe qu'ches montangnes sont l'but des monts Carpatchiens mais i' sont s'pathées d'ches'-chîn par la riviéthe Danube.Lé nom Balkan veint du Turtchais et sîngnifie des "monts bouaîsis". [61] As examples, for Greeks, Constantine XI Palaiologos and Kolokotronis; and for Serbs, Miloš Obilić and Tzar Lazar; for Montenegrins, Đurađ I Balšić and Ivan Crnojević; for Albanians, George Kastrioti Skanderbeg; for ethnic Macedonians, Nikola Karev[62] and Goce Delčev;[62] for Bulgarians, Vasil Levski, Georgi Sava Rakovski and Hristo Botev and for Croats, Nikola Šubić Zrinjski. Bulgarian Tsar Simeon I the Great, following the cultural and political course of his father Boris I, ordered the creation of the Bulgarian Alphabet, which was later spread by missionaries to the north reaching modern Russia. Germany increasingly was in control, and Bulgarian relations with its ally the Ottoman Empire soured. 1330–1365 km). The issue was resolved under UN mediation and the Prespa agreement was reached, which saw the country's renaming into North Macedonia. The Sephardi Jewish cemetery in Sarajevo has tombstones of a unique shape and inscribed in ancient Ladino. For instance, Megabazus' own son, Bubares, married Amyntas' daughter, Gygaea; and that supposedly ensured good relations between the Macedonian and Achaemenid rulers. Sie ragt in das Mittelmeer und ist nach dem Balkangebirge benannt. [23] According to M. S. Altić, the term has two different meanings, "geographical, ultimately undefined, and cultural, extremely negative, and recently strongly motivated by the contemporary political context". In 2015, Serbia was expected to start accession negotiations with the EU, however this process has been stalled over the recognition of Kosovo as an independent state by existing EU member states. In 2005, the European Union decided to start accession negotiations with candidate countries; Turkey, and North Macedonia were accepted as candidates for EU membership. As a result, the balance of power, economic relations, and ethnic divisions were completely altered. Kategorie:Geschichte des Balkan. [4] The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains that stretch throughout the whole of Bulgaria. A smaller group of Bulgars under Khan Kouber settled almost simultaneously in the Pelagonian plain in western Macedonia after spending some time in Panonia. In the Illyrian Wars of 229 BC and 219 BC, Rome overran the Illyrian settlements in the Neretva river valley and suppressed the piracy that had made the Adriatic unsafe. One immediate result of population transfers following the peace deal was a sharp decline in ethnic violence in the region. Bosnia and Herzegovina was split between the conflicting interests of its Serbs, Croats, and Bosniaks, while Macedonia mostly tried to steer away from conflicting situations. 8, December 2016, p. 121 – 139. The territories were split to Macedonia, Achaia and Epirus. After the Western Roman Empire's collapse the territory of what is today, Bosnia and Herzegovina: The territory was divided between Croatia and Serbia in the Early Middle Ages. Bracewell, Wendy, and Alex Drace-Francis, eds. German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, who led the Congress, undertook to adjust boundaries to minimize the risks of major war, while recognizing the reduced power of the Ottoman Empire, and balance the distinct interests of the great powers. But in 358 BC, Philip II of Macedon, father of Alexander the Great, defeated the Illyrians and assumed control of their territory as far as Lake Ohrid (present-day North Macedonia). Interpretations and Research Debates. In Albania, Bulgaria and Romania the changes in political and economic system were accompanied by a period of political and economic instability and tragic events. In 2008, while under UN administration, Kosovo declared independence (according to the official Serbian policy, Kosovo is still an internal autonomous region). It is safer to speak of Proto-Thracians from whom there developed in the Iron Age ...". This very alibi confronts us with the first of many paradoxes concerning Balkan: its geographic delimitation was never precise. During these "Dark Ages", Eastern Europe, like Western Europe, regressed culturally and economically, although enclaves of prosperity and culture persisted along the coastal towns of the Adriatic and the major Greek cities in the south. In 1941, it invaded Yugoslavia with the forces they later used against the Soviet Union. The Ardiaean kingdom, with its capital in Scodra, is perhaps the best example of a centralized, ancient Albanian state. Um den Absatz von Autos, Benzin oder Reifen zu steigern, taten sich US-Firmen seit den 20er-Jahren zusammen: Sie kauften Straßenbahnen auf – und ruinierten sie. Despite Greek resistance, the Germans took advantage of the Greek army's presence in Albania against the Italians to advance in Northern Greece and consequently conquer the entire country within 3 weeks, with the exception of Crete. They entered Central Europe in the 7th century AD, forcing the Lombards to flee to Italy. However, despite being under communist governments, Yugoslavia (1948) and Albania (1961) fell out with the Soviet Union. This was quickly reversed from the aftermath. The last Latin emperor, Baldwin II, went into exile, but the imperial title survived, with several pretenders to it, until the 14th century. [32] In Albania and Montenegro, for example, local leaders paid nominal tribute to the Empire and otherwise had little contact. Steven W. Sowards: Moderne Geschichte des Balkans. Jürgen Beyer. Geschichte des Balkan: Historische Informationen: Montenegrin Association of America: Montenegrinisches Bilderbuch: REENIC Infodienst: Spiegel Jahrbuch: Staatsoberhäupter und Parteivorsitzende seit 1945: Tito's Homepage: Visit Montegnegro: Wikipedia In the southern part winters are milder. München 1980ff. In 106 AD the emperor Trajan invaded Dacia. Zeus injured Typhon with a thunder bolt and Typhon's blood fell on the mountains, from which they got their name. As of April 2009,[76] Albania and Croatia are members of NATO. Als Folge wurde das Osmanische Reich in Europa bis in die heutigen Grenzen der Türkei verdrängt und musste große Gebiete an die Nachbarländer abtreten. [73] Most UN member states recognise Kosovo. Historisch nach Epochen gegliederte Sammlung von Informationen zu Geschichte des Balkan, seiner Kriege, Politik, kurzum: Allem, was diese Region so "bewegt" macht. The Illyrian tribes were situated in the area corresponding to today's Adriatic coast. Individual Balkan states can also be considered part of other regions, including Southern Europe, Eastern Europe and Central Europe. The Truman Doctrine was the US response to the civil war, which raged from 1944 to 1949. Also, in 168 BC, by taking advantage of the constant Greek civil wars, the Romans defeated Perseus, the last King of Macedonia and with their allies in southern Greece, they became overlords of the region. As a result of the war, almost all remaining European territories of the Ottoman Empire were captured and partitioned among the allies. XI-XIV, Editura Academiei RSR, Bucuresti,1975, note 91 on p.117. Austria took over Bosnia and Herzegovina, and effectively took control of the Sanjak of Novi Pazar. [36] The war set the stage for the Balkan crisis of 1914 and thus was a "prelude to the First World War."[37]. The highest mountain of the region is Rila in Bulgaria, with Musala at 2,925 m, second being Mount Olympus in Greece, with Mytikas at 2,917 m, and Pirin mountain with Vihren, also in Bulgaria, being the third at 2915 m.[49][50] The karst field or polje is a common feature of the landscape. Two early culture-complexes have developed in the region, Starčevo culture and Vinča culture. In literature, these Romance-speakers are known as "Vlachs". [23] Since the late 19th and early 20th-century literature is not known where is exactly the northern border between the peninsula and the continent,[23][24] with an issue, whether the rivers are suitable for its definition.