Many doctors will prescribe a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) to treat depression. Here's a closer look at serotonin's many functions, what happens if you have too little (or too much), and a few ways to balance your levels for optimum health. After carrying a message, serotonin is usually reabsorbed by the nerve cells (known as "reuptake"). When you have any kind of tissue damage, such as a cut, the platelet cells in your blood release serotonin to help heal the wound. The neurotransmitter also plays a protective role in the gut.. doi:10.1186/s12991-017-0138-2, Patel YA, Marzella N. Dietary supplement-drug interaction-induced serotonin syndrome progressing to acute compartment syndrome. Due to mix of social and biological factors, it’s sometimes more challenging to notice and diagnose depression symptoms in men. Trintellix (vortioxetine) is a similar drug., Another group of serotonin-based medications for treating depression is known as serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). This process is called reuptake. Your best chance at staying calm and composed is with a serotonin boost, but if you do not take supplements, at least eat frequent servings of healthy carbohydrates – like rice, oatmeal, or whole-grains – along with lean protein sources, such as eggs, poultry, and fatty fish like salmon. Block, MD, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs), Tricyclics (TCAs) and Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs), 7 Foods That Improve Mood and Fight Depression, 6 Antidepressants You Can Get Over-the-Counter, Drugs That Increase the Risk of Serotonin Syndrome, How SNRIs, SSRIs, and SNDRIs Differ in Treating Depression, The 8 Best Dopamine Supplements of 2021, According to a Dietitian, Winter Blues vs. Rethinking serotonin’s role in depression, How do antidepressants work? While serotonin's role in depression is more complex than an imbalance, it is believed to play a key role. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter known as a happy chemical. Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Serotonin is one of those chemical messengers. Carpenter S. That gut feeling. Serotonin does not regulate these tasks alone; other neurotransmitters like dopamine also play a key role. Talk to your doctor before starting an exercise routine. Serotonin's effects in the brain could be considered its “starring role” in the body. what does serotonin do? APA Dictionary of Psychology. Whether you sleep or wake depends on what area is stimulated and which serotonin receptor is used. Tricyclic antidepressant (TCA). Journal of Psychiatric Research. Research Suggests Biological Cause of Panic Disorder, Learn How Zoloft Works to Relieve Depression and Anxiety, Tips for Coping With Nausea While on Antidepressants. Increased serotonin levels cause the tiny arteries (known as arterioles) of the circulatory system to narrow. DailyMed - TRINTELLIX- vortioxetine tablet, film coated. Serotonin is a brain chemical that is responsible for our emotions, reactivity to conditioned cues, and judgement. Serotonin was first discovered in 1948 by Maurice M. Rapport, and is thought to hold a number of functions. It is a monoamine molecular messenger, a primary amino compound, a member of phenols, a member of hydroxyindoles and a member of tryptamines. It is widely understood that being deficient in serotonin can lead to depression and an overall decline in health and happiness. New perspectives for refining future treatment approaches, Vilazodone HCl (Viibryd): A serotonin partial agonist and reuptake inhibitor for the treatment of major depressive disorder, DailyMed - TRINTELLIX- vortioxetine tablet, film coated, Insights into the mechanisms of action of the MAO inhibitors phenelzine and tranylcypromine: a review, Neuromodulation of aerobic exercise: A review, Physical activity guidelines for Americans. Serotonin is known to be involved in many bodily functions, ranging from regulating mood to digesting food. Sometimes, a serotonin imbalance can mean something more serious. Mixing drugs may put you at risk of serotonin syndrome. Serotonin is made from the essential amino acid tryptophan. Your brain has specific areas that control when you fall asleep, regulate your sleep patterns, and wake you up. Heijnen S, Hommel B, Kibele A, Colzato LS. For example, increasing serotonin levels is the purpose of the class of antidepressants known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Serotonin is usually called a "mood chemical," but it is important to many more functions in the brain than just regulation of emotional state. Excessive accumulation of serotonin in your body creates the symptoms of serotonin syndrome.Under normal circumstances, nerve cells in your brain and spinal cord (central nervous system) produce serotonin that helps regulate your attention, behavior and body temperature.Other nerve cells in your body, primarily in your intestines, also produce serotonin. It doesn't stimulate the brain like dopamine can and will balance out the excitatory neurotransmitters in the brain. Wnuk, A. 2017;11. doi:10.3389/fncel.2017.00074, Yano JM, Yu K, Donaldson GP, et al. In addition to altering your mood, serotonin can also influence the frequency and intensity of the sexual feelings you have. Serotonin is the ‘button’ that activates or deactivates, regulates, or drives our body crazy in matters as important and fundamental as, for example, mood. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission. Understanding the role of serotonin in female hypoactive sexual desire disorder and treatment options. The bulk of your serotonin is in the gut. Serotonin inhibits appetite. Daniel B. 2017;14(12):1575-1584. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2017.10.068, Cowen PJ, Browning M. What has serotonin to do with depression? It functions in the mind to provoke feelings of contentment and well-being. © 2005-2021 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. There are certain chemicals which are fondly referred to as “happy chemicals”, serotonin is one of them. Try to spend 10 to 15 minutes outside in the sun each day. Seasonal Affective Disorder. S This involves a group of symptoms related to tumors of the: A doctor will take a blood test to measure serotonin levels in your blood to diagnose the disease or rule it out. SSRIs: Bad to the bone?. The serotonin-melatonin relationship might also contribute to sleep disruptions like insomnia that are common in people with depression. Serotonin is a chemical nerve cells produce. Often, serotonin syndrome symptoms will disappear within a day if you take medication that blocks serotonin or replace the drug that’s causing the condition in the first place. Your stashes of serotonin function differently, too: In the brain, the chemical works as a neurotransmitter, helping neurons communicate. Researchers found these mice exhibited less anxiety and depression-related behaviors. As they get smaller, blood flow slows. Serotonin is a chemical neurotransmitter, which transmits electrical impulses from one neuron to the next. Serotonin is considered a natural mood stabilizer. Mood: Serotonin in the brain is thought to regulate anxiety, happiness, and mood. Alcohol is a sedative and a depressant that affects the central nervous system. It sends signals between your nerve cells. IBS and serotonin: The brain-stomach link ». The symptoms of serotonin syndrome range from unpleasant to life-threatening and can include sudden swings in blood pressure, seizures, and loss of consciousness. Learn how this works. Serotonin's effects in the brain could be considered its “starring role” in the body. Regular physical activity (especially aerobic exercise) has been proven to boost serotonin levels. The symptoms of serotonin syndrome include: There aren’t any tests that can diagnose serotonin syndrome. Without these autoreceptors, the mice had higher levels of serotonin available in their brains. 2013;10(8):473‐486. European Journal of Pharmacology. Behavioural Brain Research. American Psychiatric Association (APA). This is why prescription antidepressant medications are used to treat clinical depression and other mood disorders. The neurotransmitter's effect on mood is also why it's often a target of medications that are used to treat depression, anxiety, and other mood disorders. When your body doesn't have enough serotonin, or if it isn't using the serotonin you have effectively, you might be more prone to symptoms of depression and other mood disorders. Tryptophan, an essential amino acid involved in serotonin production, can only be obtained through diet. The Department of Health and Human Services recommends that adults get at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity cardio exercise each week plus strength training two days per week. It has been known to make individuals feel happy and there may be a correlation between a lack of serotonin in our brain and depression. Serotonin contributes to normal bowel function and reduces your appetite as you eat to help you know when you're full. Certain antidepressants that increase serotonin levels can have an effect on libido, as elevated serotonin levels have been associated with a decrease in sexual desire., Serotonin's influence on libido is also somewhat related to the neurotransmitter's relationship to another chemical in the brain: dopamine. 2012;9(7-8):42-47. 2016;8(1):56. doi:10.3390/nu8010056, Lin SH, Lee LT, Yang YK. Melatonin supports CYP2D-mediated serotonin synthesis in the brain. Serotonin is one of the most important of the feel-good neurotransmitters. Be sure to pick activities that you enjoy, as you'll be more apt to stick with it, and consistency is key to getting all the benefits. Mood. Minor disagreements about the role serotonin plays in mental health have occurred. Depression is known to be associated with chemical imbalances in the brain. Society for Neuroscience. 2015;753:2-18. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.10.031, Schuch FB, Vancampfort D, Richards J, Rosenbaum S, Ward PB, Stubbs B. Influence of tryptophan and serotonin on mood and cognition with a possible role of the gut-brain axis. Sunshine, serotonin, and skin: A partial explanation for seasonal patterns in psychopathology? Outside of SSRIs, the following factors can boost serotonin levels, according to a paper published in the Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience: 7 foods that could boost you serotonin: Serotonin diet ». TCAs appear to block the reabsorption of serotonin and epinephrine, which effectively increases the amounts available in the brain.. Nutrients. SSRIs increase the levels of serotonin in the brain by blocking reabsorption of the chemical, so more of it remains active. Blood clotting: Blood platelets release serotonin to help heal wounds. The other reason you might have low serotonin is that while your body is making serotonin, it is not using it effectively. Serotonin is one of the critical neurotransmitters involved in mood and anxiety regulation, and it is a target of many psychiatric drugs. And while low levels of serotonin can cause problems, having too much serotonin can also be an issue. Harmer CJ, Duman RS, Cowen PJ. Cortisol decreases and serotonin and dopamine increase following massage therapy, The effects of probiotics on depressive symptoms in humans: A systematic review, Dietary supplement-drug interaction-induced serotonin syndrome progressing to acute compartment syndrome, The natural history of insomnia: Acute insomnia and first-onset depression, The serotonin 5-HT7 receptors: Two decades of research, Exercise as a treatment for depression: A meta-analysis adjusting for publication bias, Serotonin controlling feeding and satiety, Beans (such as chickpeas, kidney, pinto, black beans), Nuts and seeds (such as walnuts, flaxseed), Oily, fatty fish (such as salmon, tuna, mackerel), Probiotic/fermented foods (such as kefir, yogurt, tofu). 6 min read G oogle will tell you serotonin regulates mood (and other functions like appetite, social behaviour, sleep, etc.). Serotonin is a neurotransmitter, and some also consider it a hormone. Serotonin is found mostly in the digestive system, although it’s also in blood platelets and throughout the central nervous system. There are several health benefits of sunlight. Psychiatr Clin North Am. You need plenty of serotonin in your brain in order to be calm and have a stable mood. 2014;12(3):196‐202. Exercise as a treatment for depression: A meta-analysis adjusting for publication bias. Newer research claims it does. It appears to play a … Bone health: Serotonin plays a role in bone health. 2015;277:14-31. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2014.08.065, Ⓒ 2021 About, Inc. (Dotdash) — All rights reserved. 2015;161(2):264-276. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.047, Jenkins TA, Nguyen JC, Polglaze KE, Bertrand PP. J Psychiatry Neurosci. Serotonin is a primary amino compound that is the 5-hydroxy derivative of tryptamine.It has a role as a human metabolite, a mouse metabolite and a neurotransmitter. 2016;77:42-51. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.02.023, Voigt J-P, Fink H. Serotonin controlling feeding and satiety. doi:10.9758/cpn.2014.12.3.196, Mawe GM, Hoffman JM. doi:10.1007/s00221-013-3694-y, Olivier B. Serotonin: A never-ending story. For example, if you eat something irritating or toxic, your gut responds by producing more serotonin. Abstract. Having a good balance of "friendly" bacteria in your intestines been linked to adequate serotonin levels (as the intestines make about 95% of your body's supply of the neurotransmitter).. 2016;8(1):56. doi:10.3390/nu8010056. Updated March 2019. Adding a little sunshine to…. After participants in the study had two 20-minute massage sessions given by their partners, their serotonin levels increased by 28% and their dopamine levels by 31%. Significantly high levels of serotonin in the bones can lead to osteoporosis, which makes the bones weaker. Innov Clin Neurosci. It is also important in the regulation of other brain processes, such as pain … Influence of tryptophan and serotonin on mood and cognition with a possible role of the gut-brain axis. What Is Serotonin And What Does It Do? Too little is linked to depression, but too much serotonin is linked to a long list of side effects, may contribute to anxiety and autism, and can even be acutely dangerous. As it helps regulate your... Digestion. Production of serotonin rises to push out noxious or upsetting food more quickly in diarrhea. You don't even need a professional massage to reap the benefits. In this article we will talk about Serotonin, and what it does! Serotonin syndrome is a potentially serious condition that occurs when too much serotonin builds up in your body. The body uses it to send messages between nerve cells. High levels of serotonin may be a sign of carcinoid syndrome. Serotonin (also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) is a naturally occurring substance that functions as a neurotransmitter to carry signals between nerve cells (called neurons) throughout your body. 95% is found in the gut, though it's also in the brain, blood platelets, and central nervous system. If you're curious about your options, check out this list of antidepressants. The exact nature of serotonin's role in sleep has been debated by researchers, but it's believed to influence when, how much, and how well you sleep. Serotonin involvement in physiological function and behavior. This narrowing (known as vasoconstriction) and slowed blood flow are two important elements of blood clotting—a crucial step in the process of wound healing. Drugs Aging. National Institutes of Health (NIH). Serotonin and mental disorders: A concise review on molecular neuroimaging evidence. Baker GB, Coutts RT, McKenna KF, Sherry-McKenna RL. Sunshine, serotonin, and skin: A partial explanation for seasonal patterns in psychopathology? 2016;6:1890. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01890. Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects. Examples of SSRIs that are commonly prescribed to treat depression and other mood disorders include: Medications such as Viibryd (vilazodone) are not only an SSRI but also a 5HT-1a partial agonist. Drugs in this class are not solely classified as SSRIs, but rather, as serotonergic antidepressants. It sends signals between your nerve cells. 2015;14(2):158-160. doi:10.1002/wps.20229. Cell. Cruz MP. What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Depression in Men. Serotonin is a chemical nerve cells produce. The release of neurotransmitters can be assessed in vivo, using techniques such as in vivo dialysis. Serotonin is important for many aspects of human health, but Hsiao cautions that much more research is needed before any of these findings can be translated to the clinic. Sexual dysfunction due to psychotropic medications. It's thought to have a good influence on mood, emotion and sleep. Effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on platelet function. Your levels of serotonin might get low if you don't get out in the sun regularly. The chemical also increases in the blood, which stimulates the part of the brain that controls nausea. A hormone called melatonin is also critical to the proper functioning of your sleep cycle. SSRIs are a type of antidepressant medication. World Psychiatry. What has serotonin to do with depression? Serotonin impacts every part of your body, from your emotions to your motor skills. doi:10.12659/ajcr.904375, Ellis JG, Perlis ML, Bastien CH, Gardani M, Espie CA. Antidepressants usually work by increasing serotonin levels, but can elevate them too much. J Sex Med. Serotonin is a powerful neurotransmitter that’s responsible for some of your body’s most important functions. Learn about the many…. What Are Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors? Indigenous bacteria from the gut microbiota regulate host serotonin biosynthesis. When brain cells send signals to one another, they release neurotransmitters, including serotonin. Having low serotonin levels is not, on its own, enough to cause depression. This benchmark, however, may differ slightly depending on the measurements and samples tested, so talk to your doctor about specific test results. Int J Neurosci. Here’s our process. Drug Metabolism and Disposition. Studies have shown that serotonin levels may influence bone density (the strength of your bones). 2011;28:345-367. doi:10.2165/11589340-000000000-00000. Most commonly, people are aware of serotonin's role in the central nervous system (CNS). There are also natural ways to increase serotonin levels. Serotonin is a chemical messenger that’s believed to elevate your mood. 1992;17(5):206-214. Here are 7 serotonin-boosting foods including turkey and cheese. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter—a brain chemical that helps to activate communication between brain cells. PT. Serotonin is a brain neurotransmitter synthesized by your nerve cells. Low bone density puts you at a greater risk for fractures. 2016;44(3):445-452. doi:10.1124/dmd.115.067413, Carhart-Harris R, Nutt D. Serotonin and brain function: A tale of two receptors. Serotonin affects every part of your body. 2017;31(9):1091-1120. doi:10.1177/0269881117725915, de Abajo, FJ. 2017;16(14). Serotonin's influence on mood makes it one of several brain chemicals that are integral to your overall sense of well-being. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, President’s Council on Sports, Fitness & Nutrition, Assistant Secretary for Health (ASH). What causes depression? doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2013.105, Banskota S, Ghia J-E, Khan WI. In fact, most of the serotonin in your body is found in your gut, not your brain. If your serotonin levels are a culprit, you are not alone and there are many treatment options available from medications to lifestyle changes. Dopamine and serotonin are chemical messengers, or neurotransmitters, that help regulate many bodily functions. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30015-9. Depression and other mood disorders that are linked to serotonin are multifactorial, meaning there is more than one reason they occur. Also know, what does a serotonin receptor do? Low levels of serotonin in the brain may cause depression, anxiety, and sleep trouble. Research suggests that SSRI medications are associated with decreased bone mineral density. Annals of General Psychiatry. If your levels aren’t in balance, it can affect your mental, physical, and emotional well-being. The extra "dose" of the chemical moves the unwanted food along, expelling it from your body more quickly. These drugs are used to reduce the symptoms of moderate to severe depression by increasing the amount of serotonin in the brain.. Start by talking to your doctor about other risk factors, such as having a family history of osteoporosis or smoking. Drinking can help you relax, but it can also make you feel anxious. Insights into the mechanisms of action of the MAO inhibitors phenelzine and tranylcypromine: a review. Sexual function: Low levels of serotonin are associated with increased libido, while increased serotonin levels are associated with reduced libido. Neurotransmitters work by binding to receptors (molecules of protein that receive external signals) on the surface of cells. Most notably is its impact on the brain. Increasing how much serotonin is in the brain appears to improve communication between brain cells, which in turn lifts mood and reduces symptoms of depression. Serotonin also helps: Here’s how serotonin acts in various functions across your body: Bowel movements: Serotonin is found primarily in the body’s stomach and intestines. The response is also why increased levels of serotonin can make you nauseated, and why drugs that target specific serotonin receptors can be used to alleviate nausea and vomiting.. For example, low levels of vitamin B6 and vitamin D have both been linked to decreased levels of serotonin. What does serotonin do in the brain? Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter. J Psychopharmacol. Serotonin syndrome can be life-threatening if left untreated. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. The human brain is home to complex chemicals that regulate physiological and psychological processes. Serotonin signalling in the gut--functions, dysfunctions and therapeutic targets. 2019;161:56-64. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2018.06.008, Nakamaru-Ogiso E, Miyamoto H, Hamada K, Tsukada K, Takai K. Novel biochemical manipulation of brain serotonin reveals a role of serotonin in the circadian rhythm of sleep-wake cycles. Artificial rewards like food, sex, drugs, and alcohol mimic our natural reward system so … Serotonin receptors have been shown to play a role in regulation of neurotransmitter release, both of serotonin (5-HT 1a,1b,1d) and other neurotransmitters, including dopamine (5-HT 3 receptors) and acetylcholine (5-HT 3 receptors). TCAs and MAOIs are not prescribed as often as other antidepressants because they tend to have more side effects than SSRIs and SNRIs., Many foods naturally contain serotonin, but your body also needs other nutrients, such as tryptophan, vitamin B6, vitamin D, and omega-3 fatty acids, to produce the neurotransmitter.. Sleep: This chemical is responsible for stimulating the parts of the brain that control sleep and waking. Research suggests that high circulating levels of serotonin in the gut might be associated with lower bone density and conditions like osteoporosis. Exp Brain Res 230, 555–568 (2013). There's no single cause of low serotonin levels, but it typically occurs for one of two reasons: not having enough serotonin or inefficient use of the serotonin you have. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08077.x, Haduch A, Bromek E, Wojcikowski J, Golembiowska K, Daniel WA. Serotonin deficiency has also been linked to anxiety and insomnia. Field T, Hernandez-Reif M, Diego M, Schanberg S, Kuhn C. Cortisol decreases and serotonin and dopamine increase following massage therapy. SSRIs are known as second-generation antidepressants since they are newer than monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs).2 SSRIs work by blocking the reabsorption of serotonin into neurons in the brain. Understand that high serotonin levels can lead to a condition known medically as “serotonin syndrome.” This is a condition that can be fatal if it isn’t treated immediately. Biochimie. Serotonin: Inhibitory Neurotransmitter. Updated February 1, 2019. What Does Serotonin Do In the Brain? Harvard Health Publishing. If you suspect that your serotonin levels are too high, a medical professional should be able to help. MAOIs, on the other hand, block the effects of the monoamine oxidase enzyme, which breaks down serotonin, epinephrine, and dopamine. Preventing these neurotransmitters from being broken down effectively increases the amounts available in the brain. Sansone RA, Sansone LA. Frazer A, Hensler JG. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter (a messenger chemical that carries signals between nerve cells in the brain). 2013;10(7-8):20‐24. How do antidepressants work? Serotonin receptors (5-HTRs) mediate both central and peripheral control on numerous physiological functions such as sleep/wake cycle, thermoregulation, food intake, nociception, locomotion, sexual behavior, gastrointestinal motility, blood coagulation, and cardiovascular homeostasis. Lv J, Liu F. The role of serotonin beyond the central nervous system during embryogenesis. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a class of drugs that are typically used as antidepressants in the treatment of major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, and other psychological conditions.. SSRIs increase the extracellular level of the neurotransmitter serotonin by limiting its reabsorption (reuptake) into the presynaptic cell. This can happen if you don't have enough serotonin receptors in your brain, or if the ones you have don't work well (for example, they absorb and break down serotonin too quickly). 2014;37(1):97-106. doi:10.5665/sleep.3316, Gellynck E, Heyninck K, Andressen, KW, Haegeman G, Levy FO, Vanhoenacker P. The serotonin 5-HT7 receptors: Two decades of research. Rethinking serotonin’s role in depression. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. They’re the most commonly prescribed type of antidepressant. Am J Case Rep. 2017;18:926‐930. Elsewhere in the body, serotonin also helps with sleep, sexual function, bone health, and blood clotting. The syndrome can typically occur after you start taking a new drug or increase the dosage of an existing medication. Whether you sleep or wake depends on the area is stimulated and which serotonin receptor is used. Serotonin in the gut: Blessing or a curse. If you are concerned about how taking an antidepressant could affect your bone density, do not stop taking your medication. In the first scenario, you have low levels of serotonin because your body is not producing enough to maintain normal levels. If you or a loved one is showing symptoms of serotonin syndrome, call 911 or go to the nearest emergency room. A workout can help people manage depression and other mood disorders by also promoting cardiovascular health, improving strength and endurance, and helping to maintain a healthy weight. 6th edition. Ever wonder what your personality type means? Located within serotonergic neurons of the central nervous system, serotonin helps neurological cells within the brain form connections, enabling it to affect all manner of different functions in the body, such as the regulation of mood, your appetite, and even your sleeping patterns. Not getting enough exposure to sunlight is one theory behind why people experience depression during the short, dark days of fall and winter (a mood disorder called seasonal affective disorder). Serious cases of serotonin syndrome can be fatal if left untreated. Serotonin syndrome is a dangerous drug reaction that happens when a doctor prescribes a drug that increases serotonin to a patient already on an antidepressant. However, serotonin is much better-known for what it does within the brain. Serotonin is found mostly in the digestive system, although it’s also in … The serotonin causes tiny arteries to narrow, helping form blood clots. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4(5):409‐418. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Some researchers in older studies have questioned whether an increase or decrease in serotonin can affect depression. SSRIs include Prozac and Zoloft, among others. American Psychological Association. Vilazodone HCl (Viibryd): A serotonin partial agonist and reuptake inhibitor for the treatment of major depressive disorder. These drugs work similarly to SSRIs in that they block the reuptake of serotonin, but they also work on norepinephrine, another neurotransmitter that affects mood., Drugs that act on both serotonin and norepinephrine are sometimes referred to as “dual-acting antidepressants.”.
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