The Co-Prosperity Sphere was Japanese imperialism cloaked in a veil of Asian nationalism. This was more a convenient working relationship than an alliance – but it gave Ho Chi Minh hope that Washington might support Vietnamese independence, once the war had ended. 3. The Japanese made some effort to win the hearts and minds of the Vietnamese – a policy that differed from their brutality and oppression in China. They would provide cheap land, labour and resources for Japanese industries. Vietnamese leaders eagerly looked toward Japan, another Asian nation, for both practical help and guidance in their pursuit of national recovery. The Japanese occupation of Southeast Asia between 1941 and 1945 brought with it severe food shortages, largely arising from organizational failures and inadequate transportation. As the Japanese mobilised to leave Vietnam, its people wondered who their new rulers might be. Japanese behaviour in the conflict was the principal factor which distinguished the occupation from other wars of recent memory. This set the scene for Vietnam s attraction to communist ideology, as nationalistic movements were aroused. In May 1941, Decoux granted Japan ‘most favoured nation’ status, meaning the bulk of Vietnamese exports were allocated to Tokyo at low prices. In 1945, under Japanese sponsorship, the Empire of Vietnam and the Kingdom of Kampuchea were proclaimed as Japanese puppet states. Keywords: Indochina, Japan, Vietnam, French colonization, Japanese empire, Second World War, Pacific War, colonization, decolonization. Japanese occupation. Other ships such as the Empress of Asiawere not as fortunate, and were sunk en r… When the Pentagon began gearing up for a future war with China in 2018, Defense Department officials quickly realized that they needed access to Vietnamese territory for troops armed with missiles to hit Chinese ships in a US-China conflict. Throughout the Japanese occupation of Vietnam, the Viet Minh fought against both French colonial authorities and the Japanese forces occupying Vietnam. During World War II (1941-1945), Vietnam temporarily came under the control of the Japanese. Instead, they preferred to leave the French in charge and develop Vietnam as a client state. The regular postage stamps of Vietnam (1951-1954) and those the Republic of South Vietnam (1955-1975) are inscribed "Viet-Nam Cong Hoa / Buu-Chinh". A long-term, export-driven vision has handed Hai Phong the title of Vietnam’s fastest-growing city in terms of GDP since 2015. Vietnam during French colony A Vietnamese communist army led by Ho Chi Minh rebelled against the Japanese and eventually declared independence in 1945. Japanese leaders, driven by militarism and hungry for profit, dreamed of creating what they called a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, an economic coalition of Asian nations. Japanese forces took just a week to secure control of Vietnam. Japanese Occupation (1941-45) The Japanese took over after the fall of France during World War 2. This website is created and maintained by Alpha History. On September 22, 1940, Jean Decoux, the French governor-general appointed by the Vichy government after the fall of France to the Nazis, concluded an agreement with the Japanese that permitted the stationing of 30,000 Japanese troops in Indochina and the use of all major Vietnamese airports by the Japanese military. Marcel Boldorf and Tetsuji Okazaki (Routledge, 2015), pp. Vietnam's occupation army of an estimated 180,000 troops was posted throughout the country from 1979 to September 1989. This tactic contradicted Tokyo’s policy of “Asia for Asians” – but at the time, Japan did not have the resources for a full-scale occupation of Vietnam. Some welcomed the arrival of the Japanese. The Japanese Occupation did cause major economic disruptions, but with regard to long term economic change, the story is more complicated. At first, Washington backed the French colonial regime in Vietnam, hoping it would resist Japanese overtures. Tokyo had previously identified Vietnam as a fallback position for retreating Japanese troops because it could be more easily occupied, secured and defended. After the Japanese surrender , the Viet Minh , a communist organization led by Hồ Chí Minh , declared Vietnamese independence , but France subsequently took back control of French Indochina . Two notable Vietnamese religious groups, Cao Dai and Hoa Hao, openly collaborated with the Japanese. Decoux’s administration mirrored the Vichy regime that governed occupied France in collaboration with the Nazis. Vietnam”), later known as simply the Viet Minh, an organization composed of Vietnamese nationalist and communist groups committed to Vietnamese independence. In September 1940 Japanese troops first entered parts of Indochina; and in July 1941 Japan extended its control over the whole of French Indochina. Hồ Chí Minh declared Vietnam's independence from France under the new name of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, but was fought by French colonialists. Vietnam was happy to have US presence in the region, but its firm longtime policy ruled out allying with the US against China. The Americans opened a military station at Kunming in southern China, while American advisers and Office of Strategic Services (OSS) agents supported both the Chinese Guomindang and Vietnamese resistance groups. By the start of 1945, the war was going poorly for Japan. With French control ended and the Japanese distracted, Ho Chi Minh and the nationalist Viet Minh flourished, gaining numbers and seizing control of parts of north-western Vietnam. Together, these Asian countries would expel Western imperialists and capitalists then share trade, resources and commodities between themselves. Vietnam War memory quiz – events 1946-1964, Vietnam War memory quiz – events 1965-1975, Vietnam War memory quiz – terms and concepts (I), Vietnam War memory quiz – terms and concepts (II). Famine and forced labour accounted for most of the 4.4 million Southeast Asian civilian deaths under Japanese occupation. This allowed the Japanese, who had been vying for control of Vietnam (more specifically as a strategic point against China), to move in. The Japanese quickly reneged on this offer, and fully invaded a day later. Title: “The Japanese occupation of Vietnam” for inspiration. Authors: Jennifer Llewellyn, Jim Southey, Steve Thompson Throughout much of World War II, Malaya, North Borneo (later known as Sabah), Labuan, and Sarawak were under Japanese occupation. One peasant told his neighbours that “The Japanese are a hundred times crueller than the French. • Boissarie, Delphine. Vietnam - Vietnam - The conquest of Vietnam by France: The decision to invade Vietnam was made by Napoleon III in July 1857. In 1940, however, Japan demanded and received the right to place Vietnam under military occupation, restricting the local French administration to figurehead authority. Source for information on Southeast Asia, Japanese Occupation of: Encyclopedia of Western … Page 4 of 6. Japanese Occupation (1941-45) The Japanese took over after the fall of France during World War 2. Having surrendered the Philippines, the Japanese were in retreat across south-east Asia, relinquishing captured territory and incurring heavy losses. https://japanesevietnam.weebly.com/japanese-occupation.html The Vietnamese people were told how Japan’s military supremacy was slowly driving the white imperialists out of Asia. Japanese language courses were organised in large cities. Ho Chi Minh also had to deal with food shortages and famine, which were widespread in the north. They had been strongest in Tonkin, the northern region, so moving south from China was straightforward. Propaganda suggested the Japanese were in Vietnam as “liberators” rather than conquerors. Between 1941 and 1945, French colonial authorities in Vietnam, led by Decoux, engaged in a policy of ‘co-existence’ with the Japanese. From early 1940, Tokyo began pressuring French colonial administrators in Vietnam, demanding that Japanese soldiers be allowed into the country to secure the Chinese border. Ho Chi Minh formed a provisional government and on 2 September 1945 proclaimed the republic. The Allies had agreed to a Japanese surrender of their occupation of Indochina above the 17th parallel and the British surrender south of that line. Throughout the Japanese occupation of Vietnam, the Viet Minh fought against both French colonial authorities and the Japanese forces occupying Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh condemned the Japanese occupation and declared the Japanese his “number one enemy” – but he resisted calls for a major Viet Minh campaign against them. Copyright: The content on this page may not be republished without our express permission. This allowed them to use Vietnam both as a thoroughfare for the conquest of Thailand and Burma, and a staging point for attacks further south. The Japanese occupation of Vietnam helped strengthen the Viet Minh and contributed to the outbreak of the First Indochina War in 1946. The surrender occurred after 18 days of fierce fighting against the overwhelming Japanese forces that had invaded the territory. The Vietnamese people had mixed feelings about this dual imperialism. During World War II, the United States Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the predecessor of the CIA, worked with Ho Chi Minh and his guerilla fighters to attack the Japanese and help downed Allied pilots in the region. The famine was caused by the colonial powers including the French puppet government and the Japanese by imposing economic conditions that only benefited themselves as nations whether it be to fund the nation economically for a war or physically with food to fuel a war, instead of benefiting the Vietnamese population.For example, as the French and Japanese were getting actively bombed and attacked during WWII, they demanded rice and produce to fuel their nations with food during … The US also wanted to protect its imports of raw rubber, half of which came from Vietnam. After the defeat of the Japanese in 1945, there was a power struggle between Vietnamese nationalists and the French, which led to the First Indochina War. This region was remote and had no strategic significance to the Japanese, so they did not launch any major campaigns against it. The US army left Vietnam under the Paris peace agreement signed on January 27, 1973; in April 1975, the Communists finally established their power over the territory of Vietnam. Ho's group subscribed to a nationalistic brand of communism while another organization, consisting of royalist and anticommunist groups, supported Emperor Bao Dai. Chinese resistance, supplied from Indochina, was tough. Viet Minh Resistance to Japanese Occupation (1944-1945)-- In late 1944, the Vietnamese Communists, led by Ho Chi Minh and Vo Nguyen Giap, initiated a resistance movement against the Japanese. 5. Hours after Japan’s surrender in World War II, Vietnamese communist Ho Chi Minh declares the independence of Vietnam from France. Within a month, the French government had surrendered and signed an armistice with Berlin. Subjugation and oppression toward the Vietnamese people continued as the Japanese and French exploited Vietnam's natural resources and work force, The puppet French government, under the command of Jean Decoux, was more ruthless than before to the Vietnamese people as they forced them to give major portions of their rice supplies to the Japanese army, This continued suppression from foreigners (French and now Japanese) encouraged Vietnamese nationalism as the Vietnamese people sought to govern themselves. Academic studies of the economic history of modern Malaya / Malaysia often stop in 1941 or start in 1945, dates that mark the dramatic collapse of British colonial rule and the equally dramatic end of Japanese rule. In September 1940 Vietnam was occupied by Japanese forces, which were expanding throughout south-east Asia and... 2. Citation information In August 1945, on the eve of the Japanese surrender, Sukarno and Hatta were summoned to Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City) in Vietnam, where Terauchi Hisaichi, commander of the Japanese expeditionary forces in Southeast Asia, promised an immediate transfer of independence. The Viet Minh, a liberation movement that had emerged under Ho Chi Minh in the early 1940s, was seeking not only Vietnam’s independence from France, but also freedom from the Japanese occupation. Date published: January 10, 2018 The war in the Asia-Pacific sharpened Washington’s interest in Indochina. These requests were refused until 1940 when soldiers from Nazi Germany invaded France. To be accurate, Japan did not seize Vietnam as we conceive of Vietnam today. Although the bombing of strategic Japanese targets in northern Vietnam started in 1942, first by the American Volunteer Group (AVG), better known as the “Flying Tigers,” the tempo increased under the Yunnan-based China Air Task Force (CATF) of the Tenth Air Force, and later by the Fourteenth Air Force, as with the bombing of the Hanoi-Haiphong area in April 1944. Thesis Through considering the case studies of Burma, Indonesia, Malaya, the Philippines, and Vietnam, this paper will examine how (I) though the Japanese Occupation had a negative impact on moderate nationalist leaders, (II) the impact on radical movements was more positive, in the form of military, political-administrative, and psychological strengthening. The masses of the Vietnamese people were deprived of such benefits by the social policies inaugurated by Doumer and maintained even by his more liberal successors, such … In the northern-hemisphere summer of 1940 Germany rapidly defeated the French Third Republic, and colonial administration of French Indochina (modern-day Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia) passed to the French State (Vichy France). 232–44. French colonial administrators remained in charge for most of this period, until the Japanese assumed control in 1945. 1. It contains 184,073 words in 261 pages and was updated last on January 30th 2021. JAPANESE OCCUPATION OF VIETNAM 1. Ho Chi Minh returned to Vietnam in 1941 after 30 years of exile to organize the League for the Independence of Vietnam (Viet Minh). By October, there were around 10,000 Japanese soldiers stationed there, mainly around the ports, airfields and important industrial centres. The Japanese Empire commenced the Pacific War with the invasion of Kota Bahru in Kelantan on 8 December 1941 at 00:25,1 about 90 minutes before the Attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii at 07:48 on 7 December Hawaii time, or 01:48 on 8 December Malayan time. With the Japanese controlling the airspace, they were able to continually bomb Singapore. After the Treaty of San Francisco was signed in September 1951 and came into effect in April 1952, Japan came back to the international community as a sovereign state. Every French colonial official or military officer was arrested and locked up; all French soldiers were disarmed. Other Vietnamese considered the Japanese just another troupe of foreign imperialists, no different to the French. After the Japanese occupation in the 1940s, the Vietnamese fought French colonial rule during the First Indochina War between the Viet Minh and the French in 2 September 1945. In early August, the US dropped atomic weapons on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, attacks that would lead to the Japanese surrender. Countries like China, Korea and Vietnam would be transformed into vassal states ruled by puppet governments. Viet Minh cadres began seizing control of Japanese-held villages and towns. The Japanese occupation of the Philippines occurred between 1942 and 1945, when the Empire of Japan occupied the Commonwealth of the Philippines during World War II.The invasion of the Philippines started on December 8, 1941, ten hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor.As at Pearl Harbor, the American aircraft were severely damaged in the initial Japanese attack. In March 1945, the Japanese occupation force, claiming French colonists were assisting the Allies, withdrew their support for the colonial regime. For more information, please visit our FAQ or Terms of Use. For most of their occupation, the Japanese left the French colonial government in place, though its authority was greatly diminished. Even a worm or cricket could not live under their brutal violence”. 4. Knowing the Japanese were in retreat and that a major Allied attack against them was imminent, Ho preferred to wait. During the Japanese occupation, even during French administration, the Viet Minh exiled to China had an opportunity to quietly rebuild their infrastructure. Japan’s vision was that Asian nations like Vietnam be absorbed into its Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, a... 3. In reality, the Co-Prosperity Sphere would be a quasi-empire, run from Tokyo for the benefit of Japan, its government and its corporations. Ho Chi Minh goes on to send several letters to United States President Harry Truman requesting recognition of independence but he never received a response. The Viet Minh movement consolidated its hold in the north and began to spread into central Vietnam, gaining 100,000 new recruits. 1900-1954: French Colonialism and Japanese Occupation By 1900, Vietnam along with Cambodia and Laos had been under French colonial control for almost 10 years. An agreement signed in June 1940 allowed Japanese troops to control the northern border between Vietnam and China. By June 1945, Ho Chi Minh felt strong enough to establish a Viet Minh-controlled zone in north-western Vietnam. The three countries were collectively governed as “French Indochina.” Under the French, Vietnam was divided into three federations: Tonkin (North), Annam (Central), Under the confused context of World War II, the United States became a brief ally with Ho Chi Minh in 1945 to fight the Japanese, who held control of Vietnam. A Vietnamese communist army led by Ho Chi Minh rebelled against the Japanese and eventually declared independence in 1945. It was the result not only of missionary propaganda but also, after 1850, of the upsurge of French capitalism, which generated the need for overseas markets and the desire for a larger French share of the Asian territories conquered by the West. In Vietnam the French administration sided with the fascist Petain regime rather than electing to join the Free French resistance. Vietnam”), later known as simply the Viet Minh, an organization composed of Vietnamese nationalist and communist groups committed to Vietnamese independence. In this unique and awkward 31 The picture that emerges through 1944-early 1945, besides intense Japanese naval … Post-occupation Japan is the period in postwar Japanese history which started when the Allied occupation of Japan ended in 1952 and lasted to the end of the Showa era in 1989.Despite massive devastation it suffered in the Second World War, Japan established itself as a rich global economic power at peace with the world. Civilians were evacuated; some left on the ship Felix Russell, which sailed on 6 February and berthed at Bombay, British India, on 22 February. Vietnam War - Vietnam War - French rule ended, Vietnam divided: The Vietnam War had its origins in the broader Indochina wars of the 1940s and ’50s, when nationalist groups such as Ho Chi Minh’s Viet Minh, inspired by Chinese and Soviet communism, fought the colonial rule first of Japan and then of France. This partnership between the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the precursor to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the Viet Minh, Ho’s rebel force against the French has been shrouded in controversy and misconception. On September 20th the French governor-general, Jean Decoux, signed an agreement with Tokyo giving the Japanese access to Haiphong harbour and allowing the placement of up to 6,000 troops in northern Vietnam. Japan’s vision was that Asian nations like Vietnam be absorbed into its Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, a confederation free of Western influence or control. The French surrender at home weakened the French colonial government in Vietnam, which had little option but to concede to Japanese demands. In the early 20th century, Korea was occupied by Japan. In August 1944, Macau Governor Gabriel Teixeira gained Japanese agreement to send a vessel (the SS Portugal) to northern Vietnam to load coal and beans for shipment to Macau at a time when the Japanese choke on Portuguese-controlled Macau had reduced sections of the population to cannibalism. By the start of August 1945, the Japanese were on the verge of defeat and the resistance movement was stronger than ever. The Japanese presence in Vietnam also attracted foreign attention, particularly from the United States.
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